Nacistički teror nad homoseksualcima 1933-1945
Izložba “Nacistički teror nad homoseksualcima od 1933. – 1945.”održana je u jednoj od najpoznatijih zagrebačkih galerija Bačva u sklopu zgrade Hrvatskog društva likovnih umjetnika u razdoblju od 16. do 28. rujna 2008. godine. Velik interes medija i javnosti polučio je znatnom posjećenošću izložbe, budući da je izložbom po prvi put u Hrvatskoj potegnuto pitanje nacističkog progona homoseksualaca. U Njemačkoj je taj progon ostvarivan po osnovi članka 175. koji je kriminalizirao homoseksuane prakse.
Od 100 000 muškaraca uhićenih između 1933. i 1945., polovica je osuđena radi kršenja članka 175. Rastom broja uhićenih i slijedom revizije zakona 1935. godine, broj osuđenih se u odnosu na razdoblje Weimarske republike udeseterostručio i kulminirao sa brojkom od 8 500 osuđenih 1938. godine. Zatvorske kazne, najčešći oblik kažnjavanja homoseksualaca za vrijeme nacista, varirale su ovisno o seksualnim radnjama i dosjeu upletenog pojedinca. Procjenjuje se da je kroz koncentracijske logore za vrijeme nacističke vladavine prošlo između 5 000 i 15 000 homoseksualaca. Pod nazivom zaštitni pritvor (Schutzhaft), koji je zamišljen tako da „štiti pojedince od društvene mržnje“, Gestapo je hvatao bez naloga i slao u koncentracijske logore osumnjičene homoseksualce, političke neistomišljenike i ostale – posebice Židove, kao i sve one koji su „vrijeđali njemački narod“. Glavni kampovi, Sachsenhausen na sjeveru, Buchenwald u središtu i Dachau na jugu, trebali su „preodgojiti“ zatvorenike kroz disciplinu i teško fizičko robijanje. Homoseksualni zatvorenici, prepoznatljivi po ružičastim trokutima kojima su bili obilježavani u logorima, morali su podnositi mučno fizičko i seksualno zlostavljanje od strane SS- ovih čuvara. Strahujući od daljnih predrasuda, ostali zatvorenici su se klonili obilježenih homoseksualaca, te su ih izoliravali i ostavljali bespomoćnima.
Izložba dokumentaristički prikazuje razvoj sustavne državne homofobije u nacističkoj Njemačkoj, te mehanizama progona koji su na snazi u određenoj mjeri ostali do 70-ih godona 20. stoljeća. U suradnji s Holocaust Museuma iz Washingtona i Schwules Museuma iz Berlina, sakupljeni su materijali koji prikazuju događaje, novinske članke i fotografije Uz izložbu, Queer Zagreb je izdao i jedino poznato svjedočanstvo osobe koja je preživjela logor radi kršenja članka 175., “Muškarci s ružičastim trokutom”, te pokrenuo istraživanje progona homoseksualaca i u Hrvatskoj.
- Beta; foto Milan Obradović
Nazi terror over homosexuals 1933-1945
Exhibition ‘Nazi terror over the homosexuals 1933-1945′ took place in one of well known galleries in Zagreb – Bačva – within the building of Croatian association of Artists in the period of 16th till 28th September 2008. Big interest of the media and public resulted in considerably large number of visitors, whereas with the exhibition came the question of prosecution of homosexuals in Croatia into the light for the first time. In Germany, this prosecution was achieved based on the article 175 which criminalized homosexual practices.
Half of the 100000 men arrested between 1933. and 1945. were convicted because of violating the article 175. With growing number of the arrested and following the revision of the law, in 1935., number of convicted compared to the time of Weimar Republic got more then ten times higher and culminated with the number of 8500 convicted in 1938.
Prison sentences, the most common form of punishing homosexuals during the Nazi period, varied depending on sexual acts in the file of the individual involved.
The estimated number of homosexuals who ended up in concentration camps during the Nazi period is between 5000 and 15000. Under the title protective confinement (Schutzhaft), which was imagined ‘to protect individuals from discrimination and hate’, Gestapo was seizing people and sent to concentration camps, individuals suspected to be homosexuals, political opponent representatives and other – especially Jews and everyone else who ‘insulted German nation’. Main camps, Sachsenhausen in north, Buchenwald in the middle and Dachau in south – should have re-educate prisoners through discipline and hard labour. Homosexual prisoners, recognizable by pink triangles with which they were marked in camps, had suffer terrible physical and sexual abuse by SS guards. Afraid of further prejudices, other prisoners avoided marked homosexuals, they isolated them and left them helpless.
Exhibition is documentarily displaying the development of systematical homophobia in Nazi Germany, and also the mechanisms of prosecution which remained in force at some level until 1970es. In cooperation with the Holocaust Museum from Washington and Schwules Museum Berlin, materials have been collected which are presenting the events, paper articles and photos. Along with the exhibition, Queer Zagreb has issued the only testimony known by a person who survived the camp,‘Men with the pink triangle’ and initiated investigation of prosecution of homosexuals in Croatia.
Download here the exhibition’s dossier in croatian (PDF 3.7MB)
Download here the exhibition’s catalog in croatian (PDF 1.4MB)
This exhibition has already been to Zagreb (Croatia), Rijeka (Croatia), Pula (Croatia), Belgrade (Serbia) and will soon open in Split (Croatia), Skopje (Macedonia) and Bucharest (Romania).
